Cultural anthropology of mourning among the people living in the South Zagros, studied in Ramhormoz, Izeh and Baghmalek counties

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 PhD student in Sociology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

https://doi.org/10.34785/J016.2021.108

Abstract

Whether we accept the idea of evolution or relate it to the realm of raw human imagination, human life is going through stages. This means that the unstoppable change of human social life. Cultural changes, due to their gradual nature, become apparent over several generations. Cultural attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, and practices can be changed in relation to lifestyle changes. Especially in a society where the change from a traditional lifestyle to a modern lifestyle has become an all-encompassing social process. Among the people and residents of the South Zagros region and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, due to the expansion of modern identity and lifestyle changes, many of the rituals related to the traditional way of life have faded or disappeared and replaced by new elements. Related to the new era has been established. One of the most important areas that can be seen and observed as a symbol of change is the "ritual of mourning and Gagerive". In the present study, which has been done by ethnographic method, the most important changes that have occurred in this field have been investigated. Data collection techniques in this study are participatory observation and interview. The findings show that mourning in the form of Gagerive and Sad anthem does not have the previous function among the people of these two tribes and its importance has decreased through generational transition. Mourning no longer plays a role in its dual function of making distinctions / creating solidarity through glorious ceremonies and reciting the names of the tribes, the deceased and the survivors. And can not increase social solidarity through internal coercion and compensation mechanism. Thus, mourning is in the form of Gagerive and media, which can not bear the burden of reproducing social life as in the past.
Whether we accept the idea of evolution or relate it to the realm of raw human imagination, human life is going through stages. This means that the unstoppable change of human social life. Cultural changes, due to their gradual nature, become apparent over several generations. Cultural attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, and practices can be changed in relation to lifestyle changes. Especially in a society where the change from a traditional lifestyle to a modern lifestyle has become an all-encompassing social process. Among the people and residents of the South Zagros region and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, due to the expansion of modern identity and lifestyle changes, many of the rituals related to the traditional way of life have faded or disappeared and replaced by new elements. Related to the new era has been established. One of the most important areas that can be seen and observed as a symbol of change is the "ritual of mourning and Gagerive". In the present study, which has been done by ethnographic method, the most important changes that have occurred in this field have been investigated. Data collection techniques in this study are participatory observation and interview. The findings show that mourning in the form of Gagerive and Sad anthem does not have the previous function among the people of these two tribes and its importance has decreased through generational transition. Mourning no longer plays a role in its dual function of making distinctions / creating solidarity through glorious ceremonies and reciting the names of the tribes, the deceased and the survivors. And can not increase social solidarity through internal coercion and compensation mechanism. Thus, mourning is in the form of Gagerive and media, which can not bear the burden of reproducing social life as in the past.
Whether we accept the idea of evolution or relate it to the realm of raw human imagination, human life is going through stages. This means that the unstoppable change of human social life. Cultural changes, due to their gradual nature, become apparent over several generations. Cultural attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, and practices can be changed in relation to lifestyle changes. Especially in a society where the change from a traditional lifestyle to a modern lifestyle has become an all-encompassing social process. Among the people and residents of the South Zagros region and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, due to the expansion of modern identity and lifestyle changes, many of the rituals related to the traditional way of life have faded or disappeared and replaced by new elements. Related to the new era has been established. One of the most important areas that can be seen and observed as a symbol of change is the "ritual of mourning and Gagerive". In the present study, which has been done by ethnographic method, the most important changes that have occurred in this field have been investigated. Data collection techniques in this study are participatory observation and interview. The findings show that mourning in the form of Gagerive and Sad anthem does not have the previous function among the people of these two tribes and its importance has decreased through generational transition. Mourning no longer plays a role in its dual function of making distinctions / creating solidarity through glorious ceremonies and reciting the names of the tribes, the deceased and the survivors. And can not increase social solidarity through internal coercion and compensation mechanism. Thus, mourning is in the form of Gagerive and media, which can not bear the burden of reproducing social life as in the past.
Whether we accept the idea of evolution or relate it to the realm of raw human imagination, human life is going through stages. This means that the unstoppable change of human social life. Cultural changes, due to their gradual nature, become apparent over several generations. Cultural attitudes, attitudes, beliefs, and practices can be changed in relation to lifestyle changes. Especially in a society where the change from a traditional lifestyle to a modern lifestyle has become an all-encompassing social process. Among the people and residents of the South Zagros region and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, due to the expansion of modern identity and lifestyle changes, many of the rituals related to the traditional way of life have faded or disappeared and replaced by new elements. Related to the new era has been established. One of the most important areas that can be seen and observed as a symbol of change is the "ritual of mourning and Gagerive". In the present study, which has been done by ethnographic method, the most important changes that have occurred in this field have been investigated. Data collection techniques in this study are participatory observation and interview. The findings show that mourning in the form of Gagerive and Sad anthem does not have the previous function among the people of these two tribes and its importance has decreased through generational transition. Mourning no longer plays a role in its dual function of making distinctions / creating solidarity through glorious ceremonies and reciting the names of the tribes, the deceased and the survivors. And can not increase social solidarity through internal coercion and compensation mechanism. Thus, mourning is in the form of Gagerive and media, which can not bear the burden of reproducing social life as in the past.

Keywords


ابراهیمی، سعید. (1393). رویکرد مردم‌شناختی به موسیقی آئینی بختیاری: مطالعه موردی منطقه کوهرنگ استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، استاد راهنما: علیرضا خدامی استاد مشاور: سعید آذرنوش، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، دانشکده صنایع دستی.
ایمان، محمدتقی. (1388). مبانی پارادایمی روش‌های کمی و کیفی تحقیق در علوم انسانی. قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
اردلان، حمیدرضا. (1376). سوگ در آوازهای بختیاری، آلبوم موسیقی بختیاری به همراه دفترچه، انجمن موسیقی ایران.
بهمن­بیگی، محمد. (1374). اگر قره­قاج نبود. انتشارات باغ آیینه.
بیتس، دانیل و پلاگ، فرد. (1387). انسان­شناسی فرهنگی. مترجم محسن ثلاثی، تهران: انتشارات علمی.
دلپذیر، زهرا. (1389). آیین­های سوگ در شاهنامه: گفتگو با استاد محمدرضا فرزین. روزنامه قدس شنبه 9 بهمن. تهران
روح­الامینی، محمود. (1387). گرد شهر با چراغ؛ در مبانی انسان­شناسی، انتشارات عطار، چاپ چهاردهم.
شبا­ن­پیشه، فاطمه. (1394). مطالعه تغییرات فرهنگی در عشایر اسکان­یافته ایل قشقایی (نمونه موردی؛ شهرستان فیروزآباد)، پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد پردیس علوم انسانی و اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد.
شهریاری. (1396). موسیقی شمال شرق خوزستان ایذه، از منظر گونه­شناسی و فرهنگ موسیقایی، پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته اتنوموزیکولوژی دانشکده پردیس بین­المللی فارابی.
غفاری، عیسی. (1388). موسیقی سوگ در ایل بختیاری. تهران: انتشارات چنگ.
فریدزاده، عبدالرضا. (1386). عناصر و وجود نمایشی در موسیقی: قوم لر و آیین­هایش. فصلنامه هنر و معماری، 67 و 68، 37-40
کیانی هفت لنگ، کیانوش. (1339). ایلات بختیاری و لرستان، مجموعه مقالات نخستین همایش هنر و فرهنگ عشایر ایران، تهران: انتشارات متن.
کیانی، ایوب. (1379). سوگواری در بختیاری. اهواز: انتشارات نور معرفت.
گال، مردیت دامین؛ بورگ، والتر و گال، جویس. (2003). روش‌های تحقیق کمی و کیفی در علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی. ترجمه احمدرضا نصر و همکاران، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی و سمت.
معتمدیان، دهکردی. (1389). بررسی موسیقی شادمانه و مراسم عروسی در ایل بختیاری؛ نوازندگی ساز کمانچه در آواز دشتی، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، استاد راهنما: محمد مقدسی استاد راهنما: محمدرضا درویشی دانشگاه هنر تهران، دانشکده موسیقی.
هادی شهنی، نسیم. (1394). بررسی و تحلیل ساختاری و درون مایه‌ای سوگ سروده‌های بختیاری، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، استاد راهنما: مختار ابراهیمی استاد مشاور: منوچهر تشکری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی.
 
Mertens, D.M. (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.